Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty (AD 1636-1912), also known as the Great Qing (Tartar, Manchu), or Qing for short, was the last of the Chinese historical A feudal dynasty, and the second in Chinese history to be established and ruled by an ethnic minority (the Jianzhou Jurchen, later renamed "Manchu"). The Qing Dynasty was a feudal dynasty. The Qing dynasty passed down a total of twelve emperors and enjoyed a throne of 268 years. The Qing dynasty's politics were marked by respect for slavery, internal cultural confinement and literary prison, and external policies of closed-door isolation, discontinuing the Western learning of the late Ming Dynasty. . The scourge of the Qing dynasty on China was sinister and severely hampered the development of Chinese society, causing modern China to lag behind the West and was the least A dynasty worthy of praise.

In the 44th year of the Ming Dynasty (1616), Nurhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Division of Jianzhou, said in Hetu Ala (present-day Xinbin, Liaoning) that the "overthrow of Yu On October 20, 1620, he founded the Daegim kingdom in Hetu Ala, and the kingdom was named Daegim. That is, the Great Khanship, changed the year name to Tian Cong, became the Great Khan of Jin. Tian Cong April 11, ten years (May 15, 1636), Huang taiji in shengjing changed the country's name to "great qing", the establishment of the great qing empire In 1644, Li Zicheng led the Dashun Army to capture Beijing, the capital of the Ming dynasty. After the Battle of One Piece of Stone, Dorgon led the Qing army to take advantage of the situation to enter the capital, politically, to shave their heads and change their clothes, and militarily, to fight against the peasant armies and the Southern Ming regimes. gradually took control of the country. After thirty-eight years of slaughter across the entire Central Plains, starting in Beijing, the Han population was reduced by two-thirds, from nearly a hundred million killed to just 30 million, 10 days in Yangzhou, three massacres in Jiading...resulting in ten empty rooms, and most typically, the entire population of Sichuan at that time was almost completely emptied by the Qing army Killed off.

The ten emperors after the entry of the Qing dynasty were Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Xuantong. After the pacification of the three fiefdoms in the 20th year of Kangxi (1681), the population was able to grow due to the extensive cultivation of the high-yielding crop sweet potato, and the country Wealth was accumulated, and the so-called "Kangqian Shengshi" (Kang, Yongzheng and Qianlong Dynasties) was only the most prosperous period of the Qing Dynasty. This was mainly due to the American crop of sweet potatoes, dubbed the "sweet potato boom". During the Kangxi period, the Treaty of Nerchinsk opened the way for victory but land cession. In the late Qing dynasty, political rigidity, cultural autocracy, closed country, internal conflicts, and gradually lagged behind the world. To prevent and suppress intellectual revolt, the Qing rulers imprisoned ideas, exercised extremely tight control over literature, and greatly expanded the literary prison, the Qing dynasty's There were a variety of cases of writing prison, which can be said to have run through the entire Qing dynasty, especially during the early Qing dynasty's Shunzhi and Qianlong periods. Among them, the Shunzhi emperor performed 7 times, the Kangxi emperor performed more than 20 times, the Yongzheng emperor performed more than 20 times, and the Qianlong emperor performed more than 20 times. More than 130 times. Except for a very few cases, the vast majority of the killings have been unprovoked and unjustified.

In 1840, the Sino-British Opium War broke out, and many invasions by foreign powers resulted in a severe loss of sovereignty and territory. Since 1845, when Britain acquired the first lease in the Shanghai Concession, various countries have been signing treaties with China. The Austro-Hungarian Empire established the Tianjin Concession in 1902, with a total of 27 concessions before and after. After the Second Opium War, the exploration of modernization began, and the landlords carried out the foreign affairs movement. After the Sino-Japanese War, the national crisis deepened and the Reformists, led by Kang Liang, started the Reform Movement, but it failed. In the summer of 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China in order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and protect their interests in China. The Qing dynasty was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution broke out, which led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty, and on February 12, 1912, the Qing dynasty became a semi-feudal society. The Qing emperor was forced to abdicate. This ended China's more than two thousand years of feudal monarchy into a period of democratic revolution. The Manchu Qing was a disgrace to Chinese history, and the backwardness and closed nature of the feudal system, closed and unambitious, left the Chinese nation behind the The Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPA) is the world's national forest. Therefore, at the end of the period, Sun Yat-sen's Chinese League called on the people to overthrow the Manchus and restore China on the political platform of "expelling the Tartars and restoring China". Qing government.

During the Qing dynasty, the unified multi-ethnic state was consolidated and developed, and the Qing rulers unified the Mongolian tribes and put Xinjiang and Tibet on the map. Actively defending the integrity of the country's territorial sovereignty, the map of today's China was laid down. During the reign of the Qianlong emperor, China's status as a unified multi-ethnic world power was finalized. At its height, the Qing Dynasty stretched from the Onion Ridge and Lake Balkhash in the west to the Tangnuurian Sea in the northwest, from the Desert North and Siberia in the north, to the Pacific Ocean (including the Sakhalin Islands), south to the Spratly Islands. Including more than 50 ethnic groups, the country was unprecedentedly unified. Ancient Chinese despotism also reached its peak during the Qing dynasty. Agriculture and commerce flourished in the early Qing dynasty, with dense commercial cities and large merchant gangs emerging in southern China. On top of this, the population surpassed the 400 million mark, accounting for nearly half of the world's total population of one billion.